92. 关系从句 Relative clauses 1:(clauses with who/that/which)
The woman who lives next door is a doctor.
who lives next door 叫做关系从句。
可以用that替代who，但是有些时候必须要用who来用作人（unit 95）。
讨论事物时，在关系从句总用that或which。
I don't like stories that have unhappy endings.
That用的比which多，但是有些时候必须用which.(unit 95)
What = 'the thing(s) that'
What happened was my fault. (= the things happened)
93. 关系从句 Relative clauses2: clauses with and without who/that/which
在关系从句中，如果who/that/which是主语，不能省略；如果是宾语，则可以省略。
The woman who lives next door is a doctor.
这里从句 the woman lives next door，the woman是主语，所以who在关系子句中是主语，所以这个who不能省略。
The woman who I wanted to see was away on holiday.
这里从句I wanted to see the woman，the woman是宾语，所以who可以省略。
The woman I wanted to see was away.
注意介词in/to/for在关系子句中的位置：
Do you know the woman (who/that) Tom is talking to?
94. Relvative clauses 3: whose/whom/where
whose在关系子句中替代 his/her/their.
we helped some people - their car had broken down.
We helped some people whose car had broken down.
whom可用来替代宾语中的who：
George is a person whom I admire very much.
whom还可以跟介词一起用:
I like the people with whom I work.
Whom是一个正式的单词，我们一般不怎么用。我们经常偏好用who，that或直接省略。
当关系子句是在讨论地点时，我们用where：
The restaurant where we had lunch was near the airport.
The last time (that) I saw Anna, she looked great.
The reason I'm phoning is to ask your advice.
95 Relative clauses 4: extra information clauses(1)
| The woman who lives next door is a doctor | My brother Ben, who lives in Hong Kong, is an architect. |
| 关系从句告诉你具体的人或事。The woman who lives next door告诉我们具体是哪个woman。 | My brother已经知道是谁了，关系从句告诉你额外信息。 |
| 不用逗号。 | 用逗号。 |
| 可以用that替代。who/which/that可以省略。 | 不能用that替代。who或者which不能省略。 |
| 可以用whose和where | 可以用whose和where |
96. Relatie clauses 5: extra information clauses(2)
介词 + whom/which
Mr Lee, to whom I spoke at the meeting, is very interested in our proposal
在非正式英语中，我们经常将介词放在动词后面，所以我们用who：
This is muy friend from Canada, who I was telling you about.
All of / most of etc. + whom/ which
比较下面两个句子：
Helen has three brothers. All of them are married. (2个句子)
Helen has three brothers, all of whom are married. (1个句子)
They asked me a lot of questions. I couldn't answer most of them. (2个句子)
They asked me a lot of questions, most of which I couldn't answer. (1个句子)
同样的还有 none of,neither of,any of,either of,some of,many of,much of,a few of,both of,half of,each of,one of,two of,the cause of,the name of.
They have three cars, two of which they rarely use.
We stayed at a beautiful hotel, the name of which I can't remember now.
which
Joe got the job, which surprised everybody.
这里wich = the fact that he got the job.
97. -ing and -ed clauses (the woman talking to Tom, the boy injured in the accident)
用-ing子句来说某人在这个特殊时间正在做某事。
Do you know the woman talking to Tom? (the woman is taling to Tom)
I was woken up by a bell ringing. (a bell was ringing.)
-ing子句也可以表示一直发生的事情。
The road connecting the two villages is very narrow. (the road connects the two villages)
Can you think of the name of a flower beginning with T? (the name begins with T)
-ed子句有被动的意思。
The boy injured in the accident was taken to hospital. (he was injured in the accident)
但是要注意要用动词的过去分词。
The police never found the money stolen in the robbery.
在这种方式下用left，表示“没有使用个，任然存在”的意思。
We've eaten nearly all the chocolates. There are only a few left.
-ing子句和-ed子句经常用在 there is/ there was后面。
There were some children swimming in the river.
Is there anybody waiting?